CH₄ (Methane)
BP: 111 K
Solid
HCl (Hydrogen Chloride)
BP: 188 K
Solid
H₂O (Water)
BP: 373 K
Solid
■ London Dispersion (Weakest)
Temporary induced dipoles based on polarizability/electron cloud size.
Temporary induced dipoles based on polarizability/electron cloud size.
■ Dipole-Dipole (Medium)
Permanent partial charges (δ+ and δ-) attraction.
Permanent partial charges (δ+ and δ-) attraction.
■ Hydrogen Bonding (Strongest)
Extreme dipole to F, O, or N atoms directly bonded to Hydrogen.
Extreme dipole to F, O, or N atoms directly bonded to Hydrogen.
Kinetic Energy vs IMF:
When Thermal Kinetic Energy (KE) > the IMF binding energy, the substance undergoes a phase change (Melting and Boiling). Stronger IMFs require higher temperatures to break the lattice.
KE = \frac{3}{2} k_B TWhen Thermal Kinetic Energy (KE) > the IMF binding energy, the substance undergoes a phase change (Melting and Boiling). Stronger IMFs require higher temperatures to break the lattice.