Heuristics: Mental shortcuts that speed up decision-making but can lead to systematic errors (biases). They are efficient but imperfect.
Cognitive Biases: Predictable patterns of deviation from rational judgment. Studied by Kahneman & Tversky (dual process theory).
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AP Tip: The most tested biases are Confirmation Bias, Availability Heuristic, Anchoring, Hindsight Bias, and Fundamental Attribution Error. Know the definition AND a real-world example for each.