Cellular Respiration Explorer
Step through the complete cellular respiration pathway from glucose to ATP. Explore glycolysis in the cytoplasm, the Krebs cycle in the mitochondrial matrix, and oxidative phosphorylation in the inner membrane. Track the production of ATP, NADH, FADH₂, and CO₂ at each stage to understand how cells extract energy from organic molecules.
Photosynthesis: Light Reactions
Explore the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis occurring in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. Visualize how photosystems II and I capture light energy to drive electron transport, generate ATP via chemiosmosis, and produce NADPH. Understand photolysis of water, the Z-scheme electron flow, and how these products power the Calvin cycle to fix carbon dioxide into glucose.
ATP Synthesis & Chemiosmosis
Explore how ATP synthase harnesses the proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP through chemiosmosis. Visualize the electron transport chain, proton pumping, and the rotation of ATP synthase as it catalyzes the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP—the universal energy currency of cells.
The Calvin Cycle
Track the fixation of Carbon Dioxide by Rubisco and the energy transfer from Light-Dependent ATP/NADPH to synthesize G3P.