Refraction & Snell's Law

Mass Defect & Binding Energy

Weigh the separate protons and neutrons against the bound nucleus of specific isotopes. Convert the missing mass defect into nuclear strong force binding energy using E=mc².

Quantum Bohr Model

Visualize electron orbital transitions in Hydrogen-like atoms. Calculate photon emission wavelengths and generate real-time spectral lines (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen).

Entropy in Heat Engines

Visualize the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Build reversible Carnot engines and irreversible real engines to track the exact entropy changes in the hot reservoir, cold reservoir, and the universe.

Ohm's Law & Resistance