Quantum Bohr Model
Visualize electron orbital transitions in Hydrogen-like atoms. Calculate photon emission wavelengths and generate real-time spectral lines (Lyman, Balmer, Paschen).
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AP PHYSICS 2
Mass Defect & Binding Energy
Weigh the separate protons and neutrons against the bound nucleus of specific isotopes. Convert the missing mass defect into nuclear strong force binding energy using E=mc².
AP PHYSICS 2
Entropy in Heat Engines
Visualize the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics. Build reversible Carnot engines and irreversible real engines to track the exact entropy changes in the hot reservoir, cold reservoir, and the universe.
AP PHYSICS 2
Ohm's Law & Resistance
Explore Ohm's Law stating that voltage across a conductor is proportional to current: V = IR, where R is resistance measured in ohms. Understand how resistance depends on material properties (resistivity ρ), length, and cross-sectional area: R = ρL/A. Calculate power dissipation using P = IV = I²R = V²/R. Analyze how temperature affects resistance, and apply Ohm's Law to solve circuit problems involving series and parallel resistor combinations.
AP PHYSICS 2
Carnot Cycle Explorer
Trace the ideal thermodynamic Carnot Engine. Calculate P-V diagram work area, thermodynamic efficiency, and heat transfer across isothermal and adiabatic processes.